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Tutoriales, ejercicios y recursos

La estructura del artículo de investigación
Estilo de la escritura académica
El proceso de publicación
Sitios de consulta

The structure of the scientific article

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The structure of the scientific article

Practice identifying the language of each section of the IMRaD structure
“The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper” A very complete guide!
This article includes a table on “Common mistakes seen in manuscripts submitted to this journal” – try to avoid them!
This overview of the structure of the scientific paper includes expressions you can use in your introduction, as well as an example of an effective conclusion. Check it out!
“11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously”

Abstract

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Abstract

Writing Scientific Abstracts (with examples!)
Descriptive vs. informative abstracts
Structured vs. unstructured abstracts
Why write an Abstract?
“How to write a research paper abstract”
10 steps to write an abstract

Introduction

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Introduction

Article introductions by Anglophone authors usually follow the “Create a Research Space” or CARS model, which is composed of three moves. Find a description and example of each move in the following links:

Create a Research Space model I
Create a Research Space model II
An example of a CARS Introduction from the Humanities

Materials & Methods

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Materials & Methods

Springer’s instructions on what to include in your Materials and Methods section
“7 Tips for Writing an Effective Materials and Methods Section”
Materials and Methods for Biologists

Results

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Results

How to write the results section of a research paper
Scientific papers: Writing the results section
Organizing academic research papers: The results
Methods for presenting data
How to write an APA results section
How to clearly articulate results
Importance of the results section
How to separate the results and the discussion section

Figures & Tables

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Figures & Tables

Almost Everything You Wanted to Know About Making Tables and Figures
More things you need to know about Tables and Figures
Figures and Tables: a comprehensive overview
Springer: Figures and Tables
Guidelines to prepare your Figures and Tables
“Ten Simple Rules for Better Figures”
What to do and what not to do when preparing excellent figures and tables
Writing captions/titles for figures and tables

Discussion

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Discussion

5 common mistakes to avoid
Springer: Discussion and conclusions
The purpose of the Discussion Section
The difference between the Discussion and the Conclusion in scientific articles

Conclusion

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Conclusion

“Eleven Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion”
Writing a conclusion in the social sciences: an overview
Springer: Discussion and conclusions
Introductions and Conclusions in Scientific Papers

The structure of paragraphs

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The structure of paragraphs

Purdue Owl: On Paragraphs
Purdue Owl: Topic Sentences
How to write a strong paragraph
Paragraph writing in the Social Sciences
Practice with these online Paragraph Writing Exercises
Check out these exercises on topic sentences, building paragraphs, incorporating sources and more!

Verb tenses in research papers

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Verb tenses in research papers

What verb tense should you use in each section of your research paper? Check out these simple guides:

Guide 1
Guide 2
Guide 3

Passive and active voice in research papers

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Passive and active voice in research papers

Active vs. Passive voice in Research Writing
American Journal Experts: Active vs. Passive
University of Toronto: active vs. passive voice in the sciences
When to use the Passive voice
Practice this list of exercises, from identifying active and passive voice to word order in the passive voice. Can you complete them all?
Passive sentences can become top-heavy and difficult to read
Find out how to avoid this problem:
- Example 1 (page 10)
- Example 2 (page 6)

Hedging

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Hedging

When writing academic research articles, it is important to be careful about the claims we are making. To “hedge” means to use vague language to soften our statements and avoid coming across as too confident or radical (we can never know the absolute truth!). Check out these examples of hedges!

Why we use hedging language in Academic Writing
Examples of hedging language
More examples of cautious language
Practice identifying hedging language
Practice what you’ve learnt about hedging language
More exercises! Doing these will probably help you learn
Practice makes perfect

Coherence and cohesion

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Coherence and cohesion

It is common to find reviews which state that a paper is not “focused”. This can often be a result of a lack of coherence and cohesion, that is, making sure that the ideas in the article are linked to each other and to the aim of the paper.

Coherence and Cohesion: an Introduction
5 techniques to achieve coherence and cohesion
To make sure your paragraphs are relevant to your objective, make a reverse outline
Master these cohesive devices tasks!
A complete list of linking (or transition) words
And another
And yet another! (with exercises)
Practice the various ways of creating cohesion and coherence

Summarizing

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Summarizing

Tips to summarize a research article: where to look for relevant information
How to summarize a research article in 5 steps
How to summarize a research article, including editing tips
A more detailed description of how to summarize a text
A good example
Try out your summarizing and paraphrasing skills
Test your knowledge with this quiz!
And with this one, too!

Paraphrasing

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Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing, Summarizing and Quoting: which is which?
Avoid plagiarism! Acceptable vs. unacceptable paraphrases
Paraphrasing in a paragraph: a good example
Practice identifying acceptable paraphrases
- Here
- And here
Purdue OWL paraphrasing exercises

When to cite

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When to cite

Committing plagiarism, that is, using someone else’s ideas and/or words without giving due credit, is a serious breach of scientific integrity that amounts to fraud. Take time to learn about when and how to cite appropriately.

What is plagiarism?
Overviews of when to cite sources
- here
- and here
From quotations, to footnotes, to bibliography: an overview of citing
To cite or not to cite? That is the question
When not to cite
Check out this video about what constitutes “common knowledge”
Using direct quotations with different style guides
Block vs. direct quotations
Finally, don’t forget to check what each style guide has to say about this
Avoiding plagiarism

The publication process

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The publication process

Submission and the peer review process: who decides yay or nay?
Types of peer review
Springer: Peer review

How to select a journal for publication

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How to select a journal for publication

Know your audience! How to select a journal for publication
A video with a senior researcher’s recommendations
Choosing a journal: databases
5 questions to ask yourself when selecting a journal
You may prefer to choose a journal in a language other than English: “The Dangers of English as Lingua Franca of Journals”
Online tools:

The cover letter for submission

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The cover letter for submission

Springer: the cover letter
American Journal Experts cover letter template
An annotated template of the cover letter with tips

How to respond to peer reviewers

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How to respond to peer reviewers

How to respond to peer review: example letter
10 rules on how to respond to your reviewers
Springer: Dos and Don’ts of how to respond to peer review
Nature: “Rejection improves eventual impact of manuscripts”
“The Peer-Review Jerk Survival Guide”

What is open access?

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What is open access?

Open access explained by John Bond
Wiley: Open access options for your article
Libraries and universities in Europe are staging a stand-off against Elsevier. Find out why here and here
The fallacy of open access
Should you publish in an Open Access journal?
- “The good, the bad and the ugly”
- 4 aspects to consider when choosing open access or traditional publishers

Avoiding predatory journals

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Avoiding predatory journals

What are predatory publishers and how can they harm you?
“8 ways to identify a questionable open access journal”
Lists of suspicious Journals and Publishers
Another list

Sitios de consulta

A guide to writing persuasive essays
Essay writing tips for international students
“The Essay Structure” by the Harvard Writing Center (US)
How to write an essay at university (UK)
Detailed blog by a Cambridge alumni about how to write undergraduate essays (lots of great tips!)
Cómo redactor un ensayo académico (WikiHow)

Citing and Quoting
Reference management software

Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition
Modern Language Association (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)

Purdue Online Writing Lab
Grammar Bytes (English Instruction with Attitude)
The British Council – Grammar
English Grammar

Los puntos de vista y opiniones expresados en estos videos y recursos son los de los autores y no necesariamente reflejan la posición oficial de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Hecho en México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Sitio administrado por: Escuela Nacional de Lenguas, Lingüística y Traducción. Hecho en México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), todos los derechos reservados © 2022.

Esta página puede ser reproducida con fines no lucrativos, siempre y cuando no se mutile, se cite la fuente completa y su dirección electrónica. De otra forma, requiere permiso previo por escrito de la institución.

Última actualización: 16 /02/2023.

Créditos
Políticas de Privacidad
Aviso de privacidad

Tutoriales, ejercicios y recursos

Sitios de consulta

Writing essays

Citing and referencing

Style guides (APA, Chicago Manual of Style, MLA)

English grammar